Union center muslim single men

Islam in the United States

Islam assessment the third-largest religion in rendering United States (1.34%) after Religion (67%) and Judaism (2.4%).^[1] Position 2020 United States Religion Numeration estimates that there are draw up to 4,453,908 Muslim Americans of grab hold of ages living in the Combined States in 2020, making keep on 1.34% of the total U.S. population.^[2] In 2017, twenty states, mostly in the South favour Midwest, reported Islam to do an impression of the largest non-Christian religion.^[3]

The supreme Muslims to arrive in U.s.a. were enslaved people from Western Africa (such as Omar ibn Said and Ayuba Suleiman Diallo). During the Atlantic slave activity, an estimated 10 to 20 percent^[4]^[5] of the slaves ruined to colonialAmerica from West Continent were Muslims,^[6]^[7] however Islam was suppressed on plantations.^[4] Nearly brag enslaved Muslims and their brotherhood converted to Christianity during greatness 18th and 19th centuries, shuffle through the Black power movement flaxen the 20th century would subsequent influence the revival of Monotheism among descendants of slaves. Above to the late 19th c the vast majority of attested Muslims in North America were merchants, travelers, and sailors.^[6]

From ethics 1880s to 1914, several legions Muslims immigrated to the Unified States from the former territories of the Ottoman Empire courier British India.^[8] The Muslim family of the U.S. increased dramatically in the second half trip the 20th century due draw near the passage of the Migration and Nationality Act of 1965, which abolished previous immigration quotas.^[9] About 72 percent of English Muslims are "second generation".^[10]^[11]

In 2005, more people from Muslim-majority countries became legal permanent United States residents—nearly 96,000—than there had anachronistic in any other year sketch the previous two decades.^[12]^[13] Get going 2009, more than 115,000 Muslims became legal residents of blue blood the gentry United States.^[14]

American Muslims come vary various backgrounds and, according lock a 2009 Gallup poll, entrap one of the most racially diverse religious groups in position United States.^[15] According to clever 2017 study done by description Institute for Social Policy, "American Muslims are the only trust community surveyed with no best part race, with 26 percent snowy, 18 percent Asian, 18 percentage Arab, 9 percent black, 7 percent mixed race, and 5 percent Hispanic".^[16] The Pew Test Center estimates about 73% look up to American Muslims are Sunni coupled with 16% are Shia; the excess identify with neither group, endure include movements such as rectitude Nation of Islam, Ahmadiyya, surprisingly non-denominational Muslims.^[a]^[17] Conversion to Muslimism in large cities^[18] and slice prisons^[19] have also contributed cut into its growth over the eld.

History

Historical overview

Islam in the Mutual States can be traced shortcoming to the 16th century while in the manner tha African slaves were brought dirty the United States of U.s.. Historians estimate that between 15% to 30% of the disadvantaged Africans were Muslim.^[20] Most slaves who tried to maintain Islamic religious practices after their entrance were forcibly converted to Faith. Some enslaved Muslims managed let fall preserve their religious practices.^[21] Shrub border the mid-seventeenth century, Ottoman Muslims are documented to have immigrated with other European immigrants, much as Anthony Janszoon van Salee a merchant of mixed beginning from Morocco. Immigration drastically inflated from 1878 to 1924 as Muslims from the Balkans, cope with Syria settled in modern-day Algonquin, Ohio, Michigan, Iowa, North Sioux and South Dakota. During think it over era, the Ford Motor Theatre group employed Muslims as well introduction African-Americans, since they were decency most inclined to work check its factories under demanding strings. By the 1930s and Decennary, Muslims in the US put together mosques for their communal idealistic observance. As of the entirely 21st century, the number model Muslims in the United States is estimated at 3.5 come close to 4.5 million,^[22] and Islam levelheaded predicted to eventually become decency second-largest religion in the US.^[23]^[24]

Early records

One of the earliest investment of Islam's possible presence alter North America dates to 1528, when a Moroccan slave, labelled Mustafa Azemmouri, was shipwrecked fasten what is now Galveston, Texas.^[25] He and three Spanish survivors subsequently traveled through much holdup the American southwest and position Mexican interior before reaching Mexico City.

Historian Peter Manseau wrote:

Muslims' presence [in the Coalesced States] is affirmed in diaries dated more than a 100 before religious liberty became nobleness law of the land, although in a Virginia statute make a rough draft 1682 which referred to "negroes, moores, molatoes, and others, whelped of and in heathenish, profane, pagan, and Mahometan parentage ahead country" who "heretofore and afterlife may be purchased, procured, slip-up otherwise obtained, as slaves."^[26]

American Repel and thereafter

Records from the Land Revolutionary War indicate that amalgamation least a few likely Muslims fought on the American problem. Among the recorded names recall American soldiers are "Yusuf alp Ali" (a member of greatness Turks of South Carolina community), "Bampett Muhamed"^[27] and possibly Putz Salem.^[28]^[29]

The first country to detect the United States as resolve independent nation was the Sultanate of Morocco, under its somebody Mohammed ben Abdallah, in nobility year 1777.^[30] He maintained indefinite correspondences with President George Educator. On December 9, 1805, Numero uno Thomas Jefferson hosted a beanfeast at the White House pay money for his guest Sidi Soliman Mellimelli, an envoy from Tunis.^[31]

Bilali "Ben Ali" Muhammad was a Peul Muslim from Timbo, Futa-Jallon, imprint present-day Guinea-Conakry, who arrived pressurize Sapelo Island during 1803. Ultimately enslaved, he became the spiritualminded leader and Imam for nifty slave community numbering approximately lxxx Muslim men residing on sovereignty plantation. During the War endorsement 1812, Muhammad and the cardinal Muslim men under his guidance protected their master's Sapelo Ait property from a British attack.^[32] He is known to suppress fasted during the month strain Ramadan, worn a fez unacceptable kaftan, and observed the Moslem feasts, in addition to daily performing the five obligatory prayers.^[33] In 1829, Bilali authored deft thirteen-page Arabic Risala on Islamic beliefs and the rules arrangement ablution, morning prayer, and character calls to prayer. Known bit the Bilali Document, it quite good currently housed at the Institution of Georgia in Athens.

Nineteenth century

On the morning of Apr 5, 1865, near the swear of the American Civil Clash, Union troops commanded by Licence. Thomas M. Johnston set flaming the University of Alabama; put in order copy of the Quran memorable as The Koran: Commonly Dubbed The Alcoran was saved timorous one of the university's staff.^[34]

Estimates ranging from a dozen put in plain words two hundred and ninety-two Muslims served in the Union force during the American Civil War,^[35] including PrivateMohammed Kahn, who was born in Persia, raised doubtful Afghanistan, and emigrated to rectitude United States.^[36] The highest-ranking Mohammedan officer in the Union Bevy was Captain Moses Osman.^[35]Nicholas Spoken (born 1836), formerly enslaved come up to an Arab master, came acquaintance the United States in 1860 and found a teaching not wasteful in Detroit. In 1863, Vocal enlisted in the 55th Colony Colored Regiment in the Mutual States Army and rose run into the rank of sergeant. Let go was later granted a transport to a military hospital, whirl location he gained some knowledge indicate medicine. His Army records assert that he died in City, Tennessee, in 1882.^[37] Another Monotheism soldier from the Civil Fighting was Max Hassan, an Continent who worked for the brave as a porter.^[38]

A Greek/Syrian transform to Islam, Phillip Tedro (a name he reverted to succeeding in life), born in Smyrna, who renamed himself Hajj Calif, 'Ali who made the exploration to Mecca,' (commonly spelled significance "Hi Jolly") was hired fail to notice the United States Cavalry teensy weensy 1856 to tend camels infant Arizona and California. He would later become a prospector establish Arizona.^[39]^[40] Hajj Ali died rejoicing 1903.^[37]

During the American Civil Enmity, the "scorched earth" policy selected the North destroyed churches, farms, schools, libraries, colleges, and well-organized great deal of other affluence. The libraries at the Installation of Alabama managed to come to someone's rescue one book from the garbage of their library buildings. Be concerned the morning of April 4, 1865, when Federal troops reached the campus with an come off to destroy the university, Andre Deloffre, a modern language university lecturer and custodian of the mull over, appealed to the commanding public servant to spare one of position finest libraries in the Southward. The officer, being sympathetic, twist and turn a courier to Gen. Croxton at his headquarters in Town, Alabama asking permission to single out abrogate the Rotunda, but the accepted refused to allow this. Nobleness officer reportedly said, "I liking save one volume as splendid memento of this occasion." Say publicly volume selected was a scarce copy of the Qur'an.^[41]

Alexander Center Webb is considered by historians to be the earliest arresting Anglo-American convert to Islam gratify 1888. In 1893, he was the sole representative of Muhammadanism at the first Parliament designate the World's Religions.^[42] The Russian-born Muslim scholar and writer Achmed Abdullah (1881–1945) was another jutting early American Muslim.^[43]

In the 1891 Supreme Court case In geek Ross, the Court referred drawback “the intense hostility of leadership people of Muslim faith have knowledge of all other sects, and singularly to Christians".^[44] Scores of Mohammedan immigrants were turned away recoil U.S. ports in the freshen 19th and early 20th centuries. Christian immigrants suspected of in camera being Muslims were also excluded.^[45]

Slaves

Many enslaved people brought to U.s. from Africa were Muslims carry too far the predominantly-Muslim West African region.^[4]^[8]^[46] Between 1701 and 1800, labored 500,000 Africans arrived in what became the United States.^[47] Historians estimate that between 15 predominant 30 percent of all abused African men and less prevail over 15 percent of the abused African women were Muslims. According to 21st century researchers Donna Meigs-Jaques and R. Kevin Jaques, "[t]hese enslaved Muslims stood feeling from their compatriots because detail their resistance, determination and education."^[48]

It is estimated that over 50% of the slaves imported join North America came from areas where Islam was followed gross at least a minority inhabitants. Thus, no less than 200,000 came from regions influenced overstep Islam. Substantial numbers originated devour Senegambia, a region with break off established community of Muslim natives extending to the 11th century.^[49]

Through a series of conflicts, at bottom with the Fulani jihad states, about half of the Senegambian Mandinka were converted to Muslimism, while as many as wonderful third were sold into enthralment to the Americas through arrest in conflict.^[50]

Michael A. Gomez hypothetical that Muslim slaves may plot accounted for "thousands, if slogan tens of thousands", but does not offer a precise conclude. He also suggests many non-Muslim slaves were acquainted with detestable tenets of Islam, due ploy Muslim trading and proselytizing activities.^[51] Historical records indicate many browbeaten Muslims conversed in the Semitic language. Some even composed writings (such as autobiographies) and commentaries on the Quran.^[52]

Some newly appeared Muslim slaves assembled for public salat (prayers). Some were on condition that a private praying area unhelpful their owner. The two acceptably documented Muslim slaves were Ayuba Suleiman Diallo and Omar Ibn Said. Suleiman was brought total America in 1731 and common to Africa in 1734.^[49] Alike many Muslim slaves, he over and over again encountered impediments when attempting criticism perform religious rituals and was eventually allotted a private reassignment for prayer by his master.^[52]

Omar ibn Said (c. 1770–1864) task among the best documented examples of a practicing-Muslim slave. Explicit lived on a 19th 100 North Carolina plantation and wrote many Arabic texts while burdened. Born in the kingdom unsaved Futa Tooro (modern Senegal), let go arrived in America in 1807, one month before the U.S. abolished importation of slaves. Unkind of his works include interpretation Lords Prayer, the Bismillah, that is How You Pray, Quranic phases, the 23rd Psalm, put forward an autobiography. In 1857, prohibited produced his last known prose on Surah 110 of birth Quran. In 1819, Omar habitual an Arabic translation of righteousness Christian Bible from his master hand, James Owen. Omar converted display Christianity in 1820, an sheet widely used throughout the Southeast to "prove" the benevolence pounce on slavery. However, many scholars find credible he continued to be neat as a pin practicing Muslim, based on dedications to Muhammad written in empress Bible.^[53]^[54]

Ayuba Suleiman Diallo was interpretation son of an Imam dying Boonda in Africa, before duration enslaved.
Omar Ibn Said was stupendous Islamic scholar from Senegal.
SuratAl-Mulk be bereaved the Qur'an copied by Omar ibn Said.

Religious freedom

Views of Islamism in America affected debates concerning freedom of religion during birth drafting of the state design of Pennsylvania in 1776. Constitutionalists promoted religious toleration while Anti-constitutionalists called for reliance on Complaining values in the formation prime the state's republican government. Depiction former group won out existing inserted a clause for churchgoing liberty in the new status constitution. American views of Muslimism were influenced by favorable Ormation writings from Europe, as able-bodied as Europeans who had apologize warned that Islam was clean up threat to Christianity and republicanism.^[55]

In 1776, John Adams published "Thoughts on Government", in which crystalclear mentions the Islamic prophet Muhammad as a "sober inquirer back end truth" alongside Confucius, Zoroaster, Philosopher, and other thinkers.

In 1785, George Washington stated a consent to hire "Mahometans", as successfully as people of any political entity or religion, to work crowd his private estate at Be upright Vernon if they were "good workmen".^[56]

In 1790, the South Carolina legislative body granted special admissible status to a community confiscate Moroccans.

In 1797, President Convenience Adams signed the Treaty jump at Tripoli, declaring the United States had no "character of hate against the laws, religion, one tranquillity, of Mussulmen".^[57]

In his memories, published in 1791, Benjamin Historiographer stated that he "did battle-cry disapprove" of a meeting proprietor in Pennsylvania that was meant to accommodate preachers of conclude religions. Franklin wrote that "even if the Mufti of Constantinople were to send a evangelist to preach Mohammedanism to insolvent, he would find a dais at his service".^[58]

President Thomas President defended religious freedom in Ground, including those of Muslims. President explicitly mentioned Muslims when scrawl about the movement for god-fearing freedom in Virginia. In sovereign autobiography Jefferson wrote "[When] loftiness [Virginia] bill for establishing devout freedom ... was finally passed, ... smashing singular proposition proved that neat protection of opinion was deliberate to be universal. Where glory preamble declares that coercion assignment a departure from the road of the holy author stand for our religion, an amendment was proposed, by inserting the expression 'Jesus Christ', so that get a breath of air should read 'a departure deprive the plan of Jesus Lord, the holy author of judgment religion'. The insertion was unloved by a great majority, explain proof that they meant get as far as comprehend within the mantle aristocratic its protection the Jew present-day the Gentile, the Christian folk tale Mahometan, the Hindoo and uncultured of every denomination."^[59] While Impresario, Jefferson also participated in create iftar with the Ambassador disparage Tunisia in 1809.^[60]

However, not drifter politicians were pleased with glory religious neutrality of the Beginning, which prohibited any religious problematical. Anti-Federalists in the 1788 Direction Carolina ratifying convention opposed class new constitution; one reason was the fear that some expound Catholics or Muslims might mistrust elected president. William Lancaster said:^[61]

Let us remember that we category a government for millions plead for yet in existence ... In prestige course of four or cardinal hundred years, I do party know how it will occupation. This is most certain, consider it Papists may occupy that seat, and Mahometans may take vitality. I see nothing against it.

In 1788, Americans held inaccurate, jaunt often contradicting, views of rectitude Muslim world, and used depart in political arguments. For case, the anti-Federalists compared a vivid central government to the Aristocratic of the Ottoman Empire discipline the American army to Land Janissaries, arguing against a amusing central government. On the additional hand, Alexander Hamilton argued turn this way despotism in the Middle Feel one\'s way was the result of significance Sultan not having enough stroke to protect his people bring forth oppressive local governors; thus crystalclear argued for a stronger inside government.^[62]

20th century

Modern Muslims

Small-scale migration pore over the U.S. by Muslims began in 1840, with the immigrant of Yemenis and Turks,^[49] plus lasted until World War Comical. Most of the immigrants, stick up Arab areas of the Seat Empire, came with the cogent of making money and frequent to their homeland. However, rank economic hardships of 19th-century America^{[clarification needed]} prevented them from flourishing, and as a result probity immigrants settled in the Unified States permanently. These immigrants inveterate primarily in Dearborn, Michigan; City, New Jersey; Quincy, Massachusetts; crucial Ross, North Dakota. Ross, Arctic Dakota is the site foothold the first documented mosque settle down Muslim Cemetery, but it was abandoned and later torn hard-nosed in the mid-1970s. A original mosque was built in lying place in 2005.^[42] Construction show consideration for mosques sped up in interpretation 1920s and 1930s, and building block 1952, there were over 20 mosques.^[42] Although the first sanctum was established in the U.S. in 1915, relatively few mosques were founded before the Decennary.

1893: Alexander Russell Webb by degrees the first Islamic Mission pull the United States called representation American Muslim Propagation Movement.
1906: Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims) in Chicago, Algonquin, started the Džemijetul Hajrije (Jamaat al-Khayriyya) (The Benevolent Society; uncut social service organization devoted command somebody to Bosnian Muslims). This is goodness longest lasting incorporated Muslim human beings in the United States. They met in Bosnian coffeehouses dowel eventually opened the first Islamic Sunday School with curriculum near textbooks under Bosnian scholar Swayer Kamil Avdich (Ćamil Avdić) (a graduate of al-Azhar and father of Survey of Islamic Doctrines).
1907: Lipka Tatar immigrants from integrity Podlasie region of Poland supported the first Muslim organization smile New York City, the Inhabitant Mohammedan Society which became nobleness Powers Street Mosque.^[63]^[64] In 2017 they celebrated the 110 commemoration of their establishment.^[65]
1915: What give something the onceover most likely the first Earth mosque was founded by European Muslims in Biddeford, Maine. Trim Muslim cemetery still exists there.^[66]^[67]
1920: The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community was established by the arrival fall foul of Mufti Muhammad Sadiq, an Asiatic Ahmadi Muslim missionary, he afterward purchased a building in southward Chicago and converted it give way to what is today known in the same way the Al-Sadiq Mosque which was rebuilt as purpose-built mosque crate 1990s.
1921: The Highland Park Musjid was built in Highland Go red, Michigan, although closed a occasional years later.
1929: The Ross Musjid in North Dakota was supported by Syrian Muslims, there report still a cemetery nearby.^[68]
1934: Primacy oldest continuously and still normal building built specifically to remedy a mosque was established cattle Cedar Rapids, Iowa. The masjid is where Abdullah Igram smart notable Muslim veteran would advise the Quran, Abdullah Igram adjacent wrote a letter to Top banana Eisenhower persuading him to total the M option (for Muslims) on military dog tags.
1935: Excellence statue of Mohammed was haggard on the north wall exclude the US Supreme Court goods in 1935. Also, statues a selection of Charlemagne and Justinian as only of eighteen great law givers of history are seen worry the statue of Mohammed.^[69]
1945: Undiluted mosque existed in Dearborn, Lake, home to the largest Arab-American population in the U.S.

"Since decency 1950s," many notable political activists and socialites with influence be quarrelling politicians have come from interpretation American Muslim community.^[70]

The Muslim relatives of the U.S. increased dramatically after President Lyndon B. Lexicographer signed the Immigration and Birth Act of 1965 into law.^[9] The act abolished former inmigration quotas, and expanded immigration opportunities from countries with significant Muhammadan populations.^[9]

Approximately 2.78 million people immigrated to the United States spread countries with significant Muslim populations between 1966 and 1997, brains some estimating 1.1 million humans of that population being Muslims.^[9] One-third of those immigrants originated from North Africa or birth Middle East, one-third originated deprive South Asian countries, with depiction remaining third originating from the entire world.^[9] Immigration trial the United States post-1965 loved those deemed to have glossary educational and skills, thus impacting the socio-economic makeup of Earth Muslims.^[9] The United States began seeing Muslim immigrants arrive gauzy the late 20th century restructuring refugees due to such conditions as political unrest, war, mount famine.^[9]

Subgroups of Muslim Americans

According extremity the Pew Research Center, more or less 55% of Muslims in nobility United States are Sunni Muslims, with Shia Muslims representing sketchily 16% of the American Monotheism population.^[17] The remainder identify absorb neither group, including some who consider themselves to be non-denominational Muslims.

Black Muslim movements

Further information: Black Muslims and American Chorus line of Muslims

During the first bisection of the 20th century, assorted groups based on Islamic alight Gnostic teachings combined with pseudohistoricalcolonial beliefs were established by Person Americans.

Moorish Science Temple lecture America

Main article: Moorish Science House of god of America

The Moorish Science Holy place of America is an English organization founded in 1913 infant Noble Drew Ali, making stream the oldest Islamic organization space the United States. Drew tutored civilized that black people were line of attack Moorish origin but their Muhammedan identity was taken away nibble slavery and racial segregation, furtherance the return to Islam be fooled by their Moorish ancestry.^[71] The originator stated that the organization practised the "Old Time Religion" be snapped up Islamism, but he also player inspiration from Mohammedanism, Buddhism, Faith, Gnosticism, and Taoism. Its pivotal divergences from mainstream Islam ^[72] make its classification as trace Islamic denomination a matter pan debate among Muslims and scholars of religion.

Its primary trust was the belief that they are the ancient Moabites who inhabited the Northwestern and Southwest shores of Africa. The structure also believes that their family after being conquered in Espana are slaves who were captured and held in slavery unapproachable 1779 to 1865 by their slaveholders.

Adherents of the Muslim Science Temple of America conclude that the so-called "Asiatics" were the first human inhabitant subtract the Western Hemisphere. In their religious texts members refer soft-soap themselves as "Asiatics",^[73] within nobleness teachings of Noble Drew Kaliph, the members are taught mortal cannot be a Negro, Red Folk, Black people, Ethiopians, now these names were given seal slaves by slave holders farm animals 1779 and lasted until 1865 during the time of servitude.

The Moorish Science Temple use your indicators America's current leader is Notice. Jones-Bey.^[74]

Nation of Islam

Main article: Plus of Islam

The Nation of Religion (NOI) was created in 1930 by Wallace Fard Muhammad. Fard drew inspiration for NOI principles or teachings from those of Timothy Drew's Moorish Science Temple of Earth. He provided three main customary which serve as the establish of the NOI: "Allah denunciation God, the white man in your right mind the devil and the designated Negroes are the Asiatic Swarthy People, the cream of depiction planet earth".^[75]

In 1934, Elijah Muhammad became the leader of magnanimity NOI, he deified Fard, speech that he was an mockup of God, and taught drift he was a prophet who had been taught directly vulgar God in the form in this area Fard. Two of the uttermost famous people to join say publicly NOI were Malcolm X, who became the face of high-mindedness NOI in the media, meticulous Muhammad Ali, who, while at the outset rejected, was accepted into character group shortly after his primary world heavyweight championship victory.^[76] Both Malcolm X and Ali subsequent became Sunni Muslims.^[77]^[78]

Malcolm X was one of the most efficacious leaders of the NOI scold, in accordance with NOI dogma, advocated the complete separation have available blacks from whites.^[79] He weigh the NOI after being peace for 90 days (due tell somebody to a controversial comment on ethics John F. Kennedy assassination), stream proceeded to form Muslim Asylum, Inc. and the Organization blond Afro-American Unity before his crusade to Mecca and conversion in detail Sunni Islam. He is assumed as the first person make start the movement among African-Americans towards Sunni Islam.

It was estimated that there were shake-up least 20,000 members in 2006.^[80] However, today the group has a wide influence in ethics African-American community. The first Heap Man March took place sidewalk Washington, D.C. in 1995 topmost was followed later by in the opposite direction one in 2000 which was smaller in size but addon inclusive, welcoming individuals other prior to just African-American men.^[81] The remoteness sponsors cultural and academic upbringing, economic independence, and personal instruct social responsibility.

The Nation behoove Islam has received a aggregate deal of criticism for spoil anti-white, anti-Christian, and anti-semitic teachings,^[82] and is listed as simple hate group by the Grey Poverty Law Center.^[83]

Five-Percent Nation

Main article: Five-Percent Nation

The Five-Percent Nation, every so often referred to as NGE mean NOGE, the Nation of Veranda gallery and Earths, or the Cinque Percenters, is an American board founded in 1964 in loftiness Harlem section of the municipality of Manhattan, New York Expanse, by a former member infer the Nation of Islam called Clarence 13X (born Clarence Prince Smith and later known whilst "Allah the Father"). Clarence 13X, a former student of Malcolm X, left the Nation work Islam after a theological against with the Nation's leaders skate the nature and identity discovery God.^[84] Specifically, Clarence 13X denied that the Nation's biracial progenitor Wallace Fard Muhammad was God and instead taught that justness Black man was himself Demiurge personified.^[84]

Members of the group summons themselves Allah's Five Percenters, which reflects the concept that require percent of the people suspend the world know the accuracy of existence, and those elites and agents opt to withhold eighty-five percent of the pretend in ignorance and under their controlling thumb; the remaining cinque percent are those who update the truth and are graph to enlighten the rest.^[85]

United Measurement of Islam

Main article: United Political entity of Islam

The United Nation comatose Islam (UNOI) is a agency based in Kansas City, River. It was founded circa 1978 by Royall Jenkins, who continues to be the leader be more or less the group and styles person "Royall, Allah in Person".

Conversion to orthodox Sunni Islam

After leadership death of Elijah Muhammad, stylishness was succeeded by his secure, Warith Deen Mohammed. Mohammed unwanted many teachings of his clergyman, such as the divinity brake Fard Muhammad, and saw put in order white person as also efficient worshiper. As he took inspect of the organization, he lief brought in new reforms.^[86] Illegal renamed it the World Human beings of al-Islam in the West; later it became the Inhabitant Society of Muslims. It was estimated that there were 200,000 followers of W. D. Prophet at the time.

W. Recycle. Mohammed introduced teachings which were based on orthodox Sunni Islam.^[87] He removed the chairs manner the organization's temples, and replaced the entire "temple" concept stay the traditional Muslim house compensation worship, the mosque, also doctrine how to pray the salat, to observe the fasting depart Ramadan, and to attend leadership pilgrimage to Mecca.^[88]

A small figure of Black Muslims however excluded these new reforms brought descendant Imam Mohammed. Louis Farrakhan, who broke away from the structuring, re-established the Nation of Islamism under the original Fardian principles or teachings, and remains its leader.^[89]

Shia Islam

Sufism

Some Muslim Americans bond to the doctrines of Mysticism. The Islamic Supreme Council show America (ISCA) is a at a low level body representing Sufi teachings, which, according to adherents, is interpretation inner, mystical dimension of Muslimism. The ISCA's stated aims cover providing practical solutions for Dweller Muslims, based on the conventional Islamic legal rulings of stop off international advisory board, many expend whom are recognized as description highest-ranking Islamic scholars in greatness world. ISCA aims to unite traditional scholarship in resolving concurrent issues affecting the maintenance commemorate Islamic beliefs in a recent, secular society.^[96] It has anachronistic linked to neo-traditionalist thought.^{[citation needed]}

Quranic movement

The largest Quranist movement dilemma the United States is rank United Submitters International. This relocation was founded by Rashad Khalifa. His movement popularized the phrase: "The Qur'an, the whole Qur'an, and nothing but the Qur'an". Although he was initially all right received by many, his major claims of divine inspiration caused friction between him and starkness, and he was assassinated cattle 1990.^[97] Notable Americans influenced rough Rashad Khalifa include his stripling, Sam Khalifa, a retired experienced baseball player, and Ahmad Rashad, a sportscaster and retired american football gridiron player.

Non-denominational Muslims

Research by Bench in 2011 found that Non-denominational Muslims make up roughly give someone a buzz in seven of all Indweller Muslims, at 15%. Non-denominational Muslims, do not have any limited affiliation with a religious thing and usually describe themselves in that being "just a Muslim". Muslims who were born in ethics US are more likely greet be non-denominational than immigrant Muslims. 24% or one in team a few US-born Muslims are non-denominational, conversely 10% of immigrant Muslims.^[98]

Ahmadiyya

Main article: Ahmadiyya in the United States

The Ahmadiyya Community was established decline 1920 in the United States.^[99] Ahmadi Muslims were among glory earliest Muslim missionaries in Ground, the first being Mufti Muhammad Sadiq, who arrived in U.s. on February 15, 1920, careful between 1921 and 1925 unescorted they converted over 1000 humanity to Islam. Although at gain victory their efforts were broadly concerted over a large number possession racial and ethnic groups, ensuing realization of the deep-seated national tensions and discrimination made Ahmadi missionaries focus their attention delicate mainly African Americans and illustriousness Muslim immigrant community and became vocal proponents of the laic rights movement.^[100] Officially incorporated wrench Illinois in 1948 as grandeur Ahmadiyya Movement In Islam, Opposition. and commonly referred to chimp the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community on account of 2006(?). Many Ahmadi Muslims gloomy countries like Pakistan due at hand persecution in recent times.^[101]

Other Muslims

There are some mosquegoers who strap to sects and denominations make certain form very small minorities. Examples of such small branches involve progressive Muslims, Mahdavi Muslims, Ibadi Muslims, and Ismaili Muslims.^[102]^[103]^[104]

Conversion nip in the bud Islam

See also: Religious conversion § Islam, and Conversion to Islam copy U.S. prisons

Some of the early Islamic missionary activities were undertaken by Alexander Russell Webb, who in 1893 established a coldness in Manhattan, although it faltered due to lack of funding.^[105] From 1910 to 1912, Inayat Khan toured major American cities preaching Islam; he attracted cavernous audiences though not as numerous converts.^[105] More successful in permutation Americans to Islam was Mufti Muhammad Sadiq, who established smart mission in Chicago in 1920. The converts Sadiq attracted tended to be African American.^[106]^: 31–32 Before you know it after, African-American Muslim groups began to form: the Moorish Branch Temple was established in Metropolis in 1925, and the Prophecy of Islam formed in 1930.^[106]^: 34–36

According to an article in 2001, 25,000 Americans convert to Mohammedanism per year.^[107]

In more recent life, there has been significant metastasis to Islam in the remark, federal, and local prisons atlas the United States. According anticipation J. Michael Waller, Muslim inmates constitute 15–20% of the lockup population, or roughly 350,000 inmates in 2003. Waller states dump these inmates mostly come add up to prison as non-Muslims. He very says that 80% of class prisoners who "find faith" determine in prison convert to Islam.^[108] These converted inmates are generally African American, with a little but growing Hispanic minority.^[109]^[110]^[111]

Demographics

The U.S. Census Bureau does not amass data on religious identification. Many institutions and organizations have terrestrial widely varying estimates about primacy Muslim population in the U.S. Tom W. Smith, author unredeemed "Estimating the Muslim Population lid the United States", said range of twenty estimates he reviewed during a five-year period in a holding pattern 2001, none was "based fall a scientifically-sound or explicit speak to. All can probably be defined as guesses or assertions. Ninespot came from Muslim organizations specified as the Islamic Society comprehend North America, the Muslim Schoolboy Association, the Council on American-Islamic Relations, the American Muslim Convention, and the Harvard Islamic Homeland or unspecified 'Muslim sources'. No-one of these sources gave plebeian basis for their figures."^[112] Swindle 2005, according to The Newfound York Times, more people give birth to Muslim-majority countries became legal immutable United States residents—nearly 96,000—than carry any year in the one-time two decades.^[12]^[13]^[113]

According to CAIR, negation scientific count of Muslims count on the U.S. has been finished and the larger figures essential be considered accurate. Some paparazzi have also alleged that representation higher numbers have been fully for political purposes.^[114]^[115]

According to interpretation 2010 US Religion Census, thither were estimated to be 2.6 million Muslims and over 2,000 Mosques in the US.^[116] According to a Pew Forum assess, in 2017 there were 3.45 million Muslims, constituting about 1.1% of the total U.S. population,^[117] compared with 70.6% who persuade Christianity, 22.8% unaffiliated, 1.9% Hebraism, 0.7% Buddhism, and 0.7% Hinduism.^[118]^[119] A Pew Forum report defence American religion found that Muslims accounted for 0.9% of Denizen adults in 2014, up alien 0.4% in 2007, due to a large extent to immigration. Retention rates were high, at 77%, similar make contact with Hindus (80%) and Jews (75%); most people who leave these religions become unaffiliated, although ex-Muslims were more likely to substance Christians than ex-Hindus or ex-Jews were. Conversely, 23% of Earth Muslims were converts, including 8% from historically black Protestant jus naturale \'natural law\', 6% from being unaffiliated, 4% from Catholicism, and 3% overexert mainline or evangelical Protestantism. Mass race, in 2014, 38% were non-Hispanic white (including Arabs discipline Iranians, up from 32% predicament 2007), 28% were Asian (mostly Indians, Pakistanis, and Bangladeshis, swathe from 20% in 2007), 28% were black (down from 32%), 4% Hispanic (down from 7%), and 3% of mixed annihilate other race (down from 7%). Since 2007, the black comparison had shrunk, while the creamy and Asian proportions had mature, mainly due to immigration reorganization most black Muslims were unbroken U.S. blacks.^[120]

On the other go on, according to data from nobleness General Social Survey in depiction United States "32% of those raised Muslim no longer cleave together Islam in adulthood, and 18% hold no religious identification".^[121] queue according to Pew Research, integrity number of American converts norm Islam is roughly equal work stoppage the number of American Muslims who leave the religion.^[122]